Nano Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nano - Assignment Example Tompkins has been titled the CEO because his background closely fits the position. He is likely to be doing more work than the other founders. Since he is doing more work he deserves a different salary and equity level. The other founders are fair with the equity but not fair about the salary that Tompkins receives. The decisions made regarding split equity and compensation is unfair and leaves no room to share equity amongst other employees. Without being able to share equity amongst other employees, the new employees may not be as driven to get the company where it needs to be. The founders are the creators of the company and share in ownership. All though they may share in ownership it does not mean that they should share equity and compensation if there job duties are not the same. A change is equity and compensation needs to be made to create a real fairness and ability to offer equity to other employees. The size of the founding team is five men that are all from the same company. Don Rupert is the head of AMSL. He is a co founder of NanoGene. Will Tompkins is a bio chemist and founder along with three other scientist and biologist. Mark Masterson and Ravi Rhoota were former AMSL scientist and an important asset to NanoGene. Gary Garfield who was also important to NanoGene is a doctor in biology. Each founder is vital to NanoGene in a way that the type of development for NanoGene requires each founder to make it work. Having five founders starting up a company can cause problems early as well as later on in the company life. Having five founders requires the need to receive acceptance from each of the five founders each time an issue arises. It is unlikely that all five founders will agree on each issue. When issues come up of importance it is likely that a vote will need to take place. Being a founder of a company is an important role. Founders are the

What is Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Globalization - Assignment Example In the perspective of international business, its impacts range from manufacturing, production, promotion, consumption, commercial exchange, and distribution. Large companies go for internationalization (i) To grow the size of its marketing and operations (ii) To gain new skills through host country workers (ii) To increase its strategic assets and profit. Small and medium-sized companies internationalize (i) To increase their revenue (ii) to utilize the resources in host countries which are not locally available In individualistic cultures, individuals are more oriented towards personal objectives rather than the benefits of the community or group while in collectivist cultures; people usually have more associations with the interests of the groups like national interest, family interests, and community perspectives. Economists generally measure the economic performance of a country by considering it GDP rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, foreign currency reserves, currency exchange rates, national income and growth rate per capita, and balance of payment. Ethical consumerism, transparency and trust, employee motivation, increased public expectations of business, laws and regulations, crises and their consequences, and stakeholder priorities are the basic motivational factors behind the global corporate responsibility. From manufacturing to sale in the competitive markets, each and every new product has to pass through a series of stages. It includes introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. In a corporate world, these sequential stages are known as Product Life Cycle (PLC). Since Product Life Cycle is closely connected with continuous changes in local and global markets, therefore, it has direct effects on the business plan, corporate strategies, and marketing mix. Blue Ocean Strategy is actually an attempt made by some new or unknown industry or product to capture an uncontested space in the market.  

Cell-cell Interaction in Embryo Development

Cell-cell Interaction in Embryo Development The formation of vulva depends upon a second round of cell-cell interaction. The anchor cell (located in the gonad) and six precursor cells (located in the skin adjacent to the gonad) are involved in this interaction. The precursor cells are collectively called Pn.p cells, which contains cells named as P3.p to P8.p. The fate of these cells is determined by its position relative to the anchor cell. The developmental pathways of these cells are presented in Fig.11.8. During third larval stage, the lin-3 gene is activated in the anchor cell, and produces the signal protein LIN-3, which is related to vertebrate epidermal growth factor (EGF). The precursor cells express a receptor encoded by let-23 gene, which is homologous to the vertebrate EGF receptor. The binding of LIN-3 protein and LET-23 receptor, trigger a series of intracellular events that determines whether the precursor cells will form the primary vulval precursor cell or secondary vulval cells. Mutant let-23 gene sends no signal and thus Pn.p cells cannot act, and vulva is not formed. Usually, P6.p cell, the closest cell to the anchor cell, receives the strongest signal initiated by LIN-3 binding to LET-23. Expression of the Vulvaless (Vul) gene (a mutant phenotype) in P6.p is activated by this signal, and then divides three times to produce vulva cells. The P5.p and P7.p, the two neighbouring cells, receives lower amount of signal, and divide asymmetrically to form additional vulva cells. Thereafter, a third level of cell-cell interaction occurs, in which the primary vulval cell P6.p sends a signal that activates lin-12 gene in P5.p and P7.p cells. This signal prevents these cells from adopting the division pattern of the primary cell. Thus, cells in which both Vul and lin-12 are active cannot become primary vulva cells. On the other hand, P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p cells do not receive any signal from the anchor cell, but the Multivulva (Muv) gene is expressed. Muv gene product represses the expression of Vul gene and they develop as skin cells. Thus three levels of cell-cell interactions are involved in the developmental pathway leading to vulva formation in the nematode C. elegans. CELL-CELL INTERACTION IN DEVELOPMENT Cell-cell interaction is an important phenomenon in the development of the embryo in eukaryotic organisms. Animals use a number of signalling pathway to regulate development after organogenesis. Signal networks establish anterior-posterior polarity and body axis, coordinate pattern formation, and direct the differentiation of tissues and organs. One of the widely studied cell-cell interaction is Notch signalling pathway, named after the Drosophila mutants that were used to identify components of this pathway. The Notch gene encodes a transmembrane signal receptor (Fig.11.9). The signal itself is a transmembrane protein called â€Å"Delta†, and encoded by the gene Delta. The Notch signal system works only between adjacent cells. First the â€Å"Delta† protein binds to the Notch receptor, which triggers cleaving of the cytoplasmic tail of the Notch protein and then moves to the nucleus where it binds to a protein encoded by the Su(H) (suppressor of Hairless) gene. Following this a set of genes becomes activated that controls a specific developmental pathway directing cell fate. One of the roles of the Notch signal system is to specify the fate of equivalent cells in a population. Thus action of Notch signalling system may send signal to two neighbouring cells that are developmentally equivalent, towards different developmental pathways. Four members of the Notch family (Notch 1 to Notch 4) have been identified in humans. Several human developmental disorders have been related to mutations in these genes. These include: alagille syndrome (AGS), spondylocostal dysostosis (SD), and lymphoblastic leukemia. STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable to differentiate into different types of specialized cells. Stem cells are normally found in two main sources: in embryos which are at blastocyst stage of embryological development (embryonic stem cells), and in adult tissues (adult stem cells). These cells are generally characterized by their potential to differentiate into different cell types, for example muscle, blood, skin, bone etc. Human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development (4-5 days old) is the excellent source of embryonic stem cells. Formation of single cell zygote through fusion of male sperm with female’s egg is the beginning of sexual reproduction process. This is followed by a series of mitotic divisions in a single cell zygote which leads to the formation of a cell mass containing approximately 12-16 cells. This is known as blastocyst before it is implanted in uterus (4-6 days old). Blastocyst can be differentiated into an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast). Trophoblast becomes the part of placenta and cells of embryoblast differentiate into all the structures of an adult organism. This embryoblast is the source of embryonic stem cells which are totipotent. During normal pregnancy, the blastocyst stage of embryo continues by the end of the tenth week of gestation. When embryonic stem cells are extracted from the blastocyst stage and placed onto a culture medium (a nutrient-rich broth) contained in culture vessels, they divide and replicate, but fail to differentiate. This happens, as necessary stimulation to differentiate (in the in vivo conditions) is lacking in the in-vitro conditions. However, they maintain their ability to differentiate into different type of cells in human body. Adult or somatic stem cells present throughout the body inside different type of tissues even after embryonic development. Tissues like, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, brain, skeleton muscle, skin and the liver are good source of adult stem cells. These cells remain in resting state for years until activated by disease or tissue injury. Adult stem cells have property of division and self renewal which enables them to regenerate entire organ. Earlier it was believed that adult stem cells have the potential to differentiate only to the cell type of their originating tissue or organ, but according to some recent evidence they can differentiate to other cell types as well. Embryonic stem cells are easier to grow under in-vitro conditions as compared to adult stem cells. For culturing of stem cells, they are extracted from either adult cells or from dividing zygotes. Once isolated, they can be cultured in culture dishes containing culture broth under controlled conditions. The nutrient broth allows them to divide and replicate, but prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating. Once proliferation of stem cells starts successfully, they are subcultured on fresh medium in order to enhance the growth rate. The collection of healthy, dividing, and undifferentiated stem cells, after first subculture, is called as stem cell line. Once under control, these stem cell lines can be stimulated to differentiate into specialized cells, a process known as directed differentiation. Based on their potential to differentiate into other types of cells, stem cells are classified into the following categories. Totipotent: those cells which are able to differentiate into all possible cell types. Example, few cells which are obtained through initial divisions of the zygote. Pluripotent: those cells which are able differentiate into almost all cell types. Example, embryonic stem cells which are derived from the endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal layers of blastocyst. Multipotent: those cells which are able to differentiate into closely related family of cells. Example, hematopoietic stem cells that has the potential to form red/white blood cells and platelets. Oligopotent: those cells which are able to differentiate into a few cells. Example, lymphoid and myeloid stem cells. Unipotent: those cells which are able to produce cells of their own type, but have the property of self-renewal. Example, adult mouse stem cell. For identification of stem cells, it is important to note that they are undifferentiated and capable of self-renewal. These two parameters are normally checked through laboratory tests for identification of stem cells. Bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are tested by transplanting these cells to an individual from which HSCs are removed. The production of new blood and immune cells in that individual indicates the self renewal potency of stem cells. Colonogenic assay (a laboratory procedure) is also used to test the potency of stem cells. Routine examination of chromosomal can also be done to check whether the cells are healthy and undifferentiated. Sometime spontaneous or induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells under cell culture conditions indicates their pluripotent nature. Other tests include administration of stem cells into an immunosupressed mouse and observe it for the formation of a teratoma, which is a benign tumour containing a mixture of differentiated cells. Applications of Stem Cells It is important to note that every cell and tissue in the body of an individual is develop and differentiate from initial few stem cells which form during early stages of embryological development. Therefore, embryonic stem cell can be induced to differentiate into any other type of cells. Due to this regeneration potential, stem cells have been used by researchers to regenerate damaged tissues and organs under the right conditions. Usually damaged organs are replaced by healthy organs donated by someone. But the demand far exceeds the supply of organs. Particular type of tissue or organ could potentially be developed from stem cells, if directed to differentiate in a certain way. For example, stem cells that present just beneath the skin tissue have been used to regenerate new skin tissue and then grafted on to burn victims successfully. Another potential application is replacement of cells and tissue for treatment of brain disease like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. If the damaged tissue can be replenished by specialized tissue derived from stem cells such diseases can be treated for recovery. In the near future it may be possible to transplant healthy heart cells developed in a laboratory from stem cells into the patients with heart disease, thereby repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly it may be possible to replace damaged pancreatic cells by insulin producing cells derived from stem cell, to treat type l diabetic patients. For the treatment of diseases like leukemia, sickle cell anemia and other immunodeficiencies, adult hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow and blood have been used. All type of blood cells (erythrocytes as well as leukocytes) can be developed from HSC. However it is difficult to isolate hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow. Alternatively, hematopoietic cells are also found in the umbilical cord and placenta, from which they can be isolated easily. Realizing its potential use, umbilical cord blood banks have been established to store these powerful cells for their future use. Therapeutic cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique involves replacement of genetic material from a somatic cell (say from skin cell) into an unfertilized egg cell in order to develop patient specific stem cells. In this procedure, since sperms are not involved fertilization does not occur. Foetus is also not involved because the groups of cells from which the stem cells are obtained are not implanted in the uterus. Stem cells which are developed through SCNT technique have more potential for therapeutic applications. The chances of rejection by patient’s body are less because their genetic makeup is identical to patient’s genetic makeup. Through SCNT, disease specific cell lines can be developed which are used for in-vitro studies to understand the mechanism of disease development and mode of action of certain drugs which may be used to treat these diseases. Stem cell research is also useful for understanding development of human after formation of fertilized zygote. Undifferentiated stem cells eventually differentiate partly because of turning on or off of particular gene(s). Thus research on stem cell may help to clarify the role of specific genes that play in determining how specialized cells and tissues are formed. Stem cell research is also being pursued to develop new drugs. Healthy human tissues which are developed through stem cells can be used to evaluate the effect of new drug rather than using human volunteers. Table.11.1. Segmentation gene loci in Drosophila â€Å"Gap† genes â€Å"Pair-role† genes â€Å"Segment polarity† genes Giant Ever skipped Armadillo Huckebein Fushi tarazu Cubitis interruptus Hunchback Hairy Disheveled Kruppel Odd paired Engrailed Knirps Odd skipped Fused Tailless Runt Gooseberry Sloppy paired Hedgehog Naked Paired Patched Wingless Figure Captions Fig. 11.1. Early stages of embryonic development in Drosophila. A cascade of gene activation sets up theDrosophilabody plan. Thematernal-effect genes, named as bicoid and nanos, are active during oogenesis. The products of these genes are found in the egg at the time of fertilization, and form morphogen gradients. These proteins function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of gap genes. The gap genes are responsible for the differentiation of anterior-posterior axis on embryo along its length. Proteins which are encoded by gap genes also function as transcription factors and regulate the expression of the pair-rule genes. Thepair-rule genesare responsible for differentiation of pairs of segments on embryo. Transcription factors which are encoded by pair-rule genes regulate the expression of thesegment polarity genes. The expression of segment polarity genes leads the development of anterior/posterior axis of each segment. The gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes are collectively involved in segment patterning hence they are known as segmentation genes. Fig. 11.2. The hierarchy of genes involved in establishing the segmented body plan in Drosophila. Gene products from the maternal genes regulate the expression of the first three groups of zygotic genes (gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity, collectively called the segmentation genes), which in turn control the expression of the homeotic genes. Fig. 11.3. Progressive restriction of cell fate during development in Drosophila. Fig. 11.4. Overlapping of regions containing two different gene products can generate new patterns of gene expression. Transcription factors A and B are present in overlapping region 3, of expression. If both the transcription factors must bind to the promoter of a target gene to trigger expression, the gene will be active only in cells containing both factors (most likely in the zone of overlap). There shall be no transcription in individually in the region 1 and 2. Fig. 11.5. Cell arrangement in the floral meristem. (a) The four concentric rings, or whorls, labeled 1-4, influenced by genes A, B, and C in the manner shown, give rise to the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, respectively, (b) The arrangement of these organs in the mature flower. Fig. 11.6. A truncated cell lineage chart for C. elegans, showing early divisions and the tissues and organs that eventually result. Each vertical line represents a cell division, and horizontal lines connect the two cells produced. Fig. 11.7. An adult Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite. Fig. 11.8. Cell lineage determination in C. elegans vulva formation. Fig. 11.9. Components of the Notch signalling pathway in Drosophila.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays: Discrimination and Prejudice :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Discrimination and Prejudice  in To Kill A Mocking Bird  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discrimination and prejudice were very common acts in the early and middle 1900's. Prejudice in this book is displayed by the acts of hate and misunderstanding because of someone's color. People of color were the majority that were treated unfairly. During this time in the southern states, black people had to use separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, sections in restaurants, churches, and even go to separate schools. Although much of the discrimination was directed towards blacks, there were plenty of accounts towards impoverished families by those that had money. Discrimination is prevalent when people that are different are called names. Some people thought blacks were automatically dumb because of their color. They weren't allowed to do anything but menial tasks (such as chopping wood) and hard labor because they were thought too dumb. The novel TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD by Harper Lee has numerous accounts of racism and prejudice throughout the entire piece. The novel is set in the 1930's, a time when racism was very prevalent. Although bigotry and segregation were pointed in majority towards blacks, other accounts towards whites were also heard of, though not as commonly. There are acts that are so discreet that you almost don't catch them, but along with those, there are blatant acts of bigotry that would never occur in our time. Lee addresses many of these feelings in her novel. One subtle example of discrimination the reader sees is the treatment of Calpurnia, a black woman, the housekeeper/nanny for the Finch family. Although she is treated fairly, it is obvious that she is considered to be on a lower social level than the Finches. She calls Scout ma'am and Jem sir, although these are titles usually reserved for elders. "Hush your mouth, sir! When you oughta be hangin' your head in shame you go along laughin'. If Mr. Finch don't wear you out, I will - get in that house, sir!" When Atticus takes Calpurnia to Tom Robinson's home, she has to sit in the back seat so as not to appear as Atticus's equal. She does not eat at the same table with the Finch family although she has been a part of it since Jem was two. She is clearly loved by the family but by no means is she their equal. "I said come here, nigger, and bust up this chiffarobe for me, I got a nickel for you.

Ethics and Research in Professional Contexts

Introduction Ethics play a pivotal role in a variety of contexts, such as decisions in personal contexts (e.g. family, friends) and professional contexts (e.g. workplace). This essay considers the role of ethics in the case study of a woman’s decision to have an abortion. Drawing on and synthesising work from philosophy, law and current medical practice, the essay will discuss ethical issues on abortion from three different viewpoints. These viewpoints will be reviewed and discussed in order to reach a conclusion. Case study Mrs K is a 37-year-old woman and has four children. She consults her doctor for irregular periods. She had been using a diaphragm as contraception after having stopped taking birth control pills because of their negative side effects. Her doctor informs her that she is pregnant. She does not want another child. She breaks down and says she already has as many children that she can cope with. Mrs K also suffers from depression. Her doctor considers her circumstances that fall within the Abortion Act 1967 and refers her to a clinic. However, her husband (Mr K) disagrees with the abortion. This essay will investigate ethical issues central to this case study. Ethical issues arise from situations in which there is no satisfactory solution that can be applied to an ethical dilemma. Opposing courses of action may seem equally desirable or all possible solutions may seem undesirable. In the aforementioned case study, the ethical dilemma addresses two opposing views on abortion and discusses whether it is the right decision given the circumstances. This essay will explore this ethical dilemma by outlining three different viewpoints and discussing whether each viewpoint is justified. Discussion There are three key individuals involved in this case study: Mrs. K, Mr. K and the doctor. Mrs K. is at the centre of the dilemma as she wishes to have the abortion, Mr K. is Mrs K’s husband and disagrees with the idea of abortion, and the doctor assesses and guides Mrs K’s decisions. Mrs K Prior to assessing Mrs K’s viewpoint, it is important to outline her circumstances. Mrs K had been on contraception because she was very clear that would not be able to cope with the responsibility of having one more child. However, her contraception failed and the doctor notified Mrs K that she was indeed pregnant, prompting her to take a decision on having an abortion. Firstly, under the philosophical principles of Utilitarianism, it may be argued that Mrs K is justified in taking the decision to have an abortion for a number of reasons. Utilitarianism was first conceived by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), and was later developed by John Stuart Mill (1806-73) in the middle of the Industrial Revolution. Mill established the â€Å"greatest happiness principle† which posits that actions are right when they promote happiness, and wrong when they produce the opposite (Tschudin, 1994). According to Mill’s principle, with regard to people’s own lives and bodies, pe ople can do whatever we want, so long as others are not harmed (Feiser, 2009). In other words, each individual has the ability to choose what they feel is moral or immoral. In fact, virtue ethics does not hand out specific rules of behaviour that need to be adhered to but instead develops characteristics that help individuals decide on moral decisions, e.g. whether or not to have an abortion. Virtue ethics does not see abortion as right or wrong as it depends fundamentally on a person’s character. In accordance with this theorising, Mrs K’s decision to have an abortion is justified as it is an action that that involves her own life and her own body and therefore, rests on her decision. Secondly, in Utilitarianism, â€Å"Act Utility† states that the greatest good is that which brings most happiness and least pain (Feiser, 2009). Using a â€Å"Hedonic Calculus†, individuals can calculate which decision produces the greatest balance of good over evil and the refore, apply this reasoning to individual dilemmas (Bentham, 1789). With this Act Utilitarianism in mind, Mrs. K’s decision to have an abortion can be seen as the right decision as having a child would cause her unhappiness and pain in the future, as well as be a huge risk in exacerbating her existing depression and anxiety. Additionally, bringing a baby into a home of four children would take away time and attention from her other children which could be potentially traumatic for them and impede their development. Therefore, if Mrs K were to use a hedonic calculus, an abortion would certainly amount to the right decision as it maximises the quality of her well-being and that of her children.A third argument in favour of Mrs K’s decision is the fact that as an autonomous human being, Mrs K has to right to make decisions about her own life and body without coercion by others (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001). Although researchers have suggested that autonomy is not a †˜univocal concept’ (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001), in the context of respect for reproductive choice, it does have a specific meaning. At a minimum, autonomy affords respect to an individual when making certain choices and taking actions based upon their personal values and beliefs. If a pregnant woman is forced, against her will, to endure nine months of physical, psychological and emotional turmoil, it is difficult to describe her as an autonomous individual. This argument also draws on philosophical principles on free will. That is, free will considers humans as agents who have the ability to make their own choices freely (Caruso, 2012). Therefore, in the case of Mrs K, it can be argued that as a free agent, she should have the final say in her actions and decisions that includes her pregnancy. If she chooses to end her unwanted pregnancy for her own reasons, then she has the right (and the free will) to do so. This reasoning is in fact, reflected in the Universal Declar ation of Human Rights Act (1948) article 1, ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights’ (Williams, 1981) that establishes human rights as inherent to every human being. However, it must be noted that this article may also be used as an argument against an abortion if a foetus is considered to be a human being, and therefore having its own individual right to life. Many anti-abortion supporters (i.e. pro-life) do indeed support this argument and highlight that an unborn child is an innocent human being and abortion is therefore wrong. However, pro-choice supporters have retorted this position by upholding the concept of â€Å"personhood†. In other words, supporters argue that a foetus does not meet the criteria of personhood and therefore does not have a right to life. This position is echoed in philosophy by Mary Ann Warren who outlines a set of criteria for personhood that include: 1) consciousness of objects and events external and interna l, 2) reasoning, 3) self-motivated activity, 4) a capacity to communicate, 5) the presence of a self-concept (Warren, 1996). By these criteria, it is clear that foetuses, although they have the ability to eventually meet these criteria, would not have a right to life until they are born. Similarly, Peter Singer posits that only a moral agent is capable of having their rights violated, and as the foetus is not a moral agent, it cannot have its rights violated (Singer, 1995). In other words, as a foetus cannot make moral judgements of what is right or wrong, it does not have the same rights as human beings. Although both Warren and Singer propose controversial ideas, the arguments of personhood and moral agency adds further justification to Mrs K’s decision to have an abortion. Mr K In the case study, whilst Mrs K has decided to have an abortion, her husband is against it. From his perspective, he has always wanted a large family and therefore, feels very strongly against an abortion. Given his views, Mrs K’s decision to have an abortion could lead to considerable anger and resentment in her husband which could manifest in marital discord and eventually divorce, all of which would be extremely harmful for their children. Returning to the hedonic calculus, it is therefore important to take into account these potential consequences as they may outweigh the reasons for having an abortion in terms of the happiness of Mrs K and her children. However, at the same time, if Mrs K chose not to have an abortion because of her husband’s views, this could lead to considerable anger and resentment in her and increase her depression and anxiety, which could all negatively impact her children’s welfare. The decision is therefore not clear-cut.A second reas on that Mr K does not agree with the abortion is because of his own religious views. He believes that human pregnancy happens for a divine reason and that man and woman both create a baby and therefore should have an equal say in what happens to that baby. From the Roman Catholic view, the wrongness of abortion is rooted in the Natural Law view that innocent life (i.e. from conception) must be preserved (Hunanae Vitae, 1965). However, it must be noted that in 1993, the Church of England produced â€Å"Abortion and the Church†. In this document, abortion is described as a great moral evil but can be allowed in circumstances in which the foetus endangers the life of the mother or if there is severe foetal disability. Whilst having a baby does not physically endanger Mrs K’s life, it can be argued that it endangers her mental life given her depression and anxiety, thereby, justifying an abortion. Moreover, it is important to note that legally, Mr K has no right to demand or refuse a termination under the Abortion Act (1967) & Human Rights Act (1998) that place the entire responsibility to the woman. Doctor Health care professionals have a number of responsibilities such as a duty of care to provide women with all the information they need in order to make an informed choice about how to cope with their unplanned pregnancy. The doctor in this case study had the responsibility of making an assessment. Specifically, the doctor must assess the potential impact of pregnancy and birth on Mrs K’s physical and mental health. In fact, the Abortion Act 1967, as amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (House of Commons, 2006), clearly says that a registered medical practitioner has the power to lawfully terminate a pregnancy. However, it is difficult to apply blanket rules when dealing with considerably sensitive and difficult decisions, which require a deeper understanding of a woman’s individual needs and desires. Given the difficulties shrouding a pregnancy termination, doctors play an important role in ensuring that a patient always feels supported. Doctors ar e also responsible for giving appropriate information and counselling about all the options available to patients (BMA, accessed 10/01/13).In this case study, Mrs K strongly felt that having an abortion would be the best decision and her doctor should therefore be able to respect her decision. Her doctor should act as a guide and act in the best interest of Mrs K (Pfeffer, 2002). The 1967 Abortion Act also refers to a doctor’s â€Å"rights to follow the dictates of their own conscience† (Pfeffer, 2002). The Doctor therefore, obviously considered Mrs K’s depression and mental capacity and found it suitable to refer her to a clinic. The doctor also was able to see that Mrs K was mentally fit to understand the procedure and its alternatives (BMA, accessed 10/01/13). Conclusion There is no doubt that abortion is a controversial and hotly debated topic in a variety of academic and professional spheres, and different viewpoints are infused with biological, moral and societal complexity. It is clear that there are numerous positions that people can adopt such as a Utilitarian point of view, a religious perspective, or a personal view when seeing an action as moral or immoral. In this particular case study, given Mrs K’s depression, her current family situation and her strong wishes to have an abortion, I believe that her decision is the right one. As a woman, Mrs K has a right to make her own choices and lead her own life in equality with, not under the control of her husband. Moreover, the fact that Mrs K has become pregnant as a result of a contraceptive failure strengthens her decision, as her pregnancy did not come about from carelessness, but from forces outside of Mrs K’s control. References Bentham, J. (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London. Beachamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (5th Edition). Oxford University Press. British Medical Association, The law and ethics of abortion. Accessed 10/01/13 from: www.bma.org.uk/-/media/Files/PDFs/†¦/Ethics/lawethicsabortionnov07.pdf Caruso, G. D. (2012). Free Will and Consciousness: A Determinist Account of the Illusion of Free Will. Lexington Books. Fieser, J. (2009). Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed 10/01/13 from http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/ House of Commons: Science and Technology Committee. Scientific Developments Relating to the Abortion Act 1967. (Volume 1). Accessed 10/01/13 from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmsctech/1045/1045i.pdf Humanae Vitae: Encyclical Letter of His Holiness Pope Paul VI, on the regulation of Births (1965). Pfeffer, N. (2002) ‘Fertility counts: from equity to outcome’ in S. Sturdy (ed.), Medicine, Health and the public sphere in Britain, 1600-2000 (pp. 260-278). Routledge. Singer, P. (1995). Animal Liberation (2nd Edition). Pimlico. Tschudin, V. (1994). Deciding Ethically: A Practical Approach to Nursing Challenges. London: Bailliere Tindall. Warren, M. A. â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion† in T.A. Mappes and D. DeGrazia, (Eds.), Biomedical Ethics (1996), New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc, pp. 434-440. Williams, P. (1981). United Nations. General Assembly. The International bill of human rights. Entwhistle Books.

Competitive Advantage And Enhancing Business Performance Accounting Essay

Throughout the 1990s, efficaciously deriving competitory advantage and heightening concern public presentation have been the major challenges that the CEOs had to get the better of under the context of intensified planetary competition ( Porter 1996 ) . Harmonizing to Pike & A ; Neale ( 1993 ) , the three traditional functions of finance map in most administrations are fiscal accounting, corporate finance and direction accounting. Despite the fact that these functions seem to cover the full scope of the concerns activities, the internally-focused and past-oriented nature of them is crictised as non-strategic, which impede the ability of finance map to assist concern accomplish competitory advantage or derive farther market portion ( Hunger & A ; Wheelen, 1996 ; Mintzberg, 1987a ; Porter, 1996 ) . Therefore, traditional finance sections are progressively expected to prosecute in more value-added activities and be more proactive in back uping the organisation ‘s overall concern s chemes. As a figure of researches have proved that alterations in the external environment of an organisation trigger the alteration in the direction accounting patterns ( Atkinson et al. , 1997 ; Nanni, Dixon, & A ; Vollman, 1992 ) , it can be said that he major alteration in the function of finance map is that direction comptrollers are going more actively involved in the determinations that run the concern. This consequence is supported with the impression that the directors demand more direction accounting information that assist them in the procedure of doing determinations every bit good as step and proctor public presentation advancement against schemes. Therefore, a combination of clearly articulated schemes, flexible organisational designs and sophisticated accounting systems has been adopted as a manner to accomplish this end. By reacting to the demands of directors who need make to do timely and sound determinations, direction comptrollers ( MAs ) are more and more expected to back up directors in their decision-making procedure or act as ‘business spouses ‘ ( Siegel and Sorenson, 1999 ) . Therefore, MAs are expected to demo a high degree of ‘commercial consciousness ‘ ( Burns, Scapens & A ; Turley, 1996 ) , a close engagement in and understand of the organisation ‘s concern procedures, and ‘an ability to pass on in other directors ‘ footings ‘ ( Burns & A ; Yazdifar, 2001 ) . Granlund and Lukka ( 1998 ) see the highest degree of this development in ‘a state of affairs in which direction comptrollers operate as true members of direction squads and are able to move as alteration agents in organisations ‘ . Over the last two decennaries or so, academic literature has been flush with legion surveies of direction accounting alteration, which have been conducted across a assortment of concern sectors and national context. Certain surveies have investigated whether such alteration execution is successful or non ( e.g. Shields, 1995 ) while others ( e.g. Malmi, 1997 ) raise an issue of whether such differentiation between success and failure is possible. Models of alteration execution have besides been developed, based on empirical survey ( Vaivio. , J. , 1999b ) . Some other writers even have drawn theoretical penetration from outside subjects to gestate direction accounting alteration ( Burns and Scapens, 2000 ) . Geographic and country-specific cultural facets have been studied in respects of their consequence on the way dependence of direction accounting alteration ( Granlund and Lukka, 1998a ) . However, no empirical survey has been conducted to research the effectivity of transforming the traditional finance maps on the overall organisational public presentation. Neither does the literature chalk out out what high quality concern partnering theoretical account of taking organisations really looks like. This survey, hence, contributes to the direction accounting literature to analyze if there is a nexus between the concern partnering theoretical account and the public presentation of an organisation. From that we can hold a clearer image of which the features of finance maps that set the high performing artists apart. This is of import because it will supply a survival kit for the successful reorientation of the full finance organisation with important public presentation betterments in both finance and the full company. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. The following subdivision summarizes the relevant anterior literature from which the research hypotheses are developed. The research methodological analysis is explained in Section 3. Section 4 contains the in-depth analysis of the informations, which is followed by a treatment of the consequences and some concluding comments.Section 2: Literature reappraisal and hypotheses preparationIn this subdivision, in visible radiation of the relevant literature, an effectual concern partnering theoretical account is presented to do manner for the development of a figure of hypotheses. The new multi-faced functions of finance have been suggested by literature to positively impact the effectivity of finance maps and in bend the organisational public presentation, which consequences to a nexus between the acceptance of these patterns and the high public presentation of organisation. To understand the background of the transmutation and the manner the paper is structured, a short travel into the history of direction accounting is now presented. Since the 1980s, houses in all sectors of the economic system were seen to undergo dramatic alterations in the planetary economic system including intensive competition, of all time more demanding clients with diversified client demands and shorter merchandise life rhythms, and the handiness of advanced fabrication engineerings ( Johnson, H. and Kaplan, R. , 1987 ; Innes & A ; Mitchell, 1990 ) . Therefore, merely an appropriate matching of scheme in response to the alteration in external factors can heighten organisational public presentation A study conducted by CIMA ( twelvemonth? ) argues that in such a universe where international markets give every house much the same entree to resources and where procedures of each concern areA meeting on alike criterions, the one existent staying distinction tool remainders on the d ecision-making map. As the clients are choosier and rivals react to clients ‘ diversified demands in more and more sophisticated ways, houses may follow distinction scheme that underscores more customer-oriented and commercially oriented position. Fiscal information is merely portion of the image because it fails to demo long-run profitableness doing the outgrowth of non-financial steps as a reaction to economic force per unit areas ( Granlund, M. and K, Lukka. , 1998 ) . Burns, J. et Al. ( 1999 ) suggested that the partial nature of fiscal information still be accepted if MAs can construe it in a broader context or stated in another manner, they have to associate the fiscal information to the non-financial steps. Following the customer-oriented focal point, MAs are presuming the duty of functioning their internal clients because great client service depends on outstanding internal client service. In this sense, they are said to move as ‘business spouses ‘ ( Burns, J. and Yazdifar, H. , 2001 ) or ‘business advisers ‘ ( Burns, J. and Vaivo, J. , 2001 ) . To break the determination devising procedure, MAs need to understand the demands of the internal clients. This is a two-stage procedure in which the first measure is deploying fiscal systems, constructions and procedures through which the the platform for the concern partnering phase is formed, which is referred to as ‘commercial finance ‘ by Gould, S. and Fahy, M. ( 2006 ) . Because MAs understand the whole fiscal impacts of functional determinations, they work with other concern units ( BU ) directors in implementing the schemes made by the CEO instead than work in the finance silo separated from the remainder of the concern ( Robinson, L. , 1999 ) . In this sense, thanks to the apprehension of the whole value concatenation, MAs are encouraged to work on-the-field, increase accent toward concern instead than passing the majority of the clip with clerical and everyday accounting undertakings. They are besides referred to as ‘hybrid comptrollers ‘ who combine fiscal acumen and commercial consciousness ( Burns, J. et al. , 1999 ) . As a consequence, MAs build a close relationship between finance map and the remainder of organisation so they are moving as a alteration agent by increasing determination devising procedure and further they can move as alteration leaders. In short, the direction accounting map is expected to finish its transmutation from a dealing processing focal point to a ‘business spouse ‘ with a high determination support capableness Gould, S. and Fahy, M. ( 2006 ) commented: â€Å" Business partnering theoretical account requires a clear apprehension of clients, and it needs the right people to place and utilize the appropriate techniques. † This transmutation will be looked into inside informations from the two positions: From internally-focused to outward-looking and past-focused to send on looking or from cost orientation to business/customer orientation where the new functions and activities which MAs undertake will be considered. From structures-focused to process-focused re-organization which is shown in the proviso of nucleus merchandises and support servicesA transmutation from internal orientation to environmental ( outward-looking ) and from past-focused to long-run ( advanced )Changing functions and activitiesThere is small uncertainty that finance professionals play a polar value-adding function in pull offing and maneuvering organisations through the ups and downs of the commercial universe. Nonetheless, the engineering progresss may shortly dispute the understanding about dealing processing. Thankss to those progresss, dealing processing could be done in centralized shared service Centres or decentralised practical Centres. Whether it is centralised or decentralised, it is likely that finance maps will incorporate the three functions: concern leading and partnering ; dealing processing and proficient and conformity. ( ICCA, 2001 ) Traditionally, MAs were viewed to be concerned with figure crunching and responsible for the overall operation of the accounting or they were called ‘bean counter ‘ or a ‘corporate bull ‘ . While traditional functions and activities remain to take up the majority of their clip ( Granlund and Lukka, 1998b ) , the tendency is clear that less clip is now devoted to hit maintaining and corporate policing. Technological developments have freed them up from the mechanical facets of accounting therefore they allocate less clip set abouting everyday fiscal analysis, dealing processing or statutory coverage. Alternatively, they assume the undertakings of analyzing and construing information and are welcomed into the halls of direction as ‘business spouse ‘ , sought after owing to their concern acumen and the strategic facets that they bring to the tabular array ( Burns, J. and Baldvinsdottir, G. , 2005 ; Granlund, M. and Lukka, K. , 1998a ) . MAs besides sp end clip in advanced activities and engage in other non-traditional accounting activities such as strategic planning, internal consulting, procedure betterment, and public presentation rating ( Siegel, G. and Sorenson, J. , 1999 ) . That is more clip is now spent on business-integrated functions, integrating undertakings of scheme preparation, organizational redesign, alteration direction ( IMA, 1999 ) . Among the most critical activities to the company ‘s success that MAs are expected to execute in the hereafter are long-run strategic planning, fiscal and economic analyses, client and merchandise profitableness, computing machine systems and operations and procedure betterment ( Siegel, G. and Sorenson, J. , 1999 ) . There is widespread literature that advocates the position that MAs should acquire involved in the determination support and providing advice throughout the concern. This is because MAs are said to be the well-equipped organizational members to supply information that is of import to the strategic determination devising, and that they would be desirable participants in this procedure ( Kaplan, 1995 ) . Indeed, MAs have entree to fiscal and cost information that is ensuing from intimate apprehension of the implicit in engineerings, markets, and the organisation ‘ scheme ( Kaplan, 1995 ) . BA‘er ( 1996 ) anticipated that MAs would take portion in the scheme preparation procedure so he suggested that MAs would play a focal function in pointing their administration towards the hereafter. However, there is small consensus about the relationship between MAs ‘ engaging in these new functions and the organisational public presentation. Indeed, literature merely suggests that comptrollers ‘ engagement in a wide set of decision-making procedures might lend to the strategic effectivity. Byrne & A ; Pierce ( 2007 ) showed that MAs ‘ engagement in concern procedures has reinforced the effectivity of direction control and might hold influence on public presentation through the improved determination devising and sweetening in planning and control. The strategic determination doing procedure contains both the scheme development and scheme execution phase and the battle of MAs in those phases has the possible to heighten strategic effectivity by provide of import strategic information ( Langfield-Smith, 2005 ) . Byrne and Pierce ( 2007 ) studied the association between a broad scope of ancestors, features and effects of the functions of MAs and discovered that MAs have the possible to act upon public presentation and information quality and that the greater the engagement of the MA, the more likely they are to hold a positive impact on these results. Granlund and Lukka ( 1998b ) studied the altering function of MAs in the Finland and suggested that they contribute to the strategic effectivity by concentrating their attending every bit good as actions towards the hereafter and acted on real-time information. Kaplan ( 1995 ) expected that at the micro-level, the strategic effectivity would be enhanced because MA would acquire engagement in strategic procedures – such as the scheme development and execution. In contrast, Granlund and Lukka ( 1998a ) argued that direction accounting systems still chiefly bring forth heightening operational instead than strategic effectivity, at the mirco-level. Harmonizing to Otley ( 2001 ) , effectivity is concerned with the proviso of coveted results whereas strategic effectivity relates to the organ isational public presentation towards the accomplishment of their ain strategic aims. The undermentioned hypothesis is hence formed: Hypothesis 1: In high-performing organisations, finance maps assume more activities that associated with the determination devising procedure. As argued above, in order to move as concern spouses, MAs need to deploy fiscal systems, constructions and processes that provide the platform for the concern partnering procedure. Business partnering functions chiefly consists of back uping in concern direction and public presentation direction which provides information and model for the strategic determinations can be made ( ICCA, 2001 ) . Information engineering progresss such as endeavor resource be aftering systems ( ERP ) , e-commerce and the cyberspace have significantly changed the manner information is collected, measured, analyzed and communicated non merely within but besides between organisations ( Atkinson et al. , 1997 ) . Such wide alteration suggests a necessity for direction accounting to alter, excessively. Although to day of the month, a figure of academic grounds have demonstrated the staying popularity of traditional direction accounting patterns such as budgeting ( Ezzamel et al. , 1995 ) , it seems besides tha t those techniques are presently being used together with the new and alleged ‘advanced ‘ techniques for illustration uninterrupted planning and prediction, activity-based direction, balanced scorecard, value-based direction and direction coverage and analysis ( Scapens et al. , 1996 ; ICCA, 2001 ) . Advanced direction accounting techniques can help finance forces to more easy concentrate on distinction precedences, such as quality, bringing and client service, compared to the traditional financially-based accounting techniques, as they emphasize the customer-oriented focal point or the demand to fulfill client demands. For illustration, activity-based direction, which is non merely an improved version of merchandise costing for traditional criterion costing, but can besides be used for strategic cost direction, or to keep and better client value. Balanced scorecard – ‘a set of steps that gives top directors a fast but comprehensive position of the concern à ¢â‚¬Ëœ ( Kaplan and Norton, 1992 ) non merely consists of fiscal steps that convey the consequences of actions already done but integrated operational steps which are the drivers of future fiscal public presentation such as client satisfaction, internal procedure, and the organisation ‘s invention and betterment activities. Continuous planning and prediction are replacing traditional one-year planning and budgeting as cardinal basicss in monitoring and pull offing an organisation. Traditional one-year planning and budgeting are deemed usually backbreaking, clip devouring undertaking bring forthing doubtful informations, instead than something that is of any peculiar usage that directors can deploy in a fast changing environment. Furthermore, traditional planning and budgeting techniques are excessively inflexible for the present concern environment. Consequently, prima organisations are suggested to use a more uninterrupted, flexible, business-planning tool by replacing the st iff budgeting with uninterrupted be aftering and calculating. This ensures that a controlled mechanism is ready to reexamine and modify scheme as fortunes change, and because concern schemes are considered on a regular footing it guarantees that all determination shapers have entree to any information they need ; how, where and when they need it. The terminal consequence is a far more advanced and nimble organisation which is able to accommodate to invariably altering market conditions ( ICCA, 2001 ) . Hypothesis 2: Top acting organisations have finance maps that deploy more advanced direction accounting patterns. Information is one of the most of import competitory advantages that houses can utilize in today ‘s invariably altering market conditions ( Mangaliso, 1995 ) . From the ‘Relevance lost ‘ , Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) crictised that direction accounting had lost its relevancy because of inappropriate information proviso, which caused negative influence on company ‘ profitableness. As argued above, consumers presents can obtain information about the merchandises and services without national boundaries limitations thereby they value merchandise and services by non-financial operating public presentation indexs. With the customer-orientation doctrine, non-financial steps can be seen as an effectual tool organisation can utilize to react to economic force per unit areas ( Granlund, M. and K, Lukka. , 1998 ) . It has been discussed that the exclusive dependance on fiscal public presentation information will non needfully make better fiscal consequences, because suc h steps merely show the consequences of past activities. Non-financial steps, in contrast, can state the drivers that show the future fiscal public presentation. These steps are connected to subjects such as client satisfaction, the quality of overall productions, merchandise quality, quality of procedures and the steadfast public presentation in respects of clip and productiveness ( Banker et al. , 1993 ; Perera et al. , 1997 ) . Traditionally non-financial steps have been acquired in the operating maps of the house such as productiveness and assorted rhythm times in fabrication logistics, market portion and client ailments in selling ; and late by the quality map people with different types of quality steps. The increased usage of non-financial information places a important impact on MAs ‘ functions. This demonstrates a displacement of MAs ‘ focal point from feed-backward to existent clip, feed-forward orientation which stresses the importance of prognosis over existe nt against budgets comparings ( Granlund and Lukka, 1997 ) . MAs are hence expected to roll up, analyse and describe non-financial information in a signifier that satisfied the information needs of concern directors. During the last few old ages this issue has moved to the thought as to what would be the equal function of direction comptrollers in this regard. Burns and Baldvinsdottir ( 2007 ) stressed the function of MAs in associating monthly direction histories to the wider information spectrum. That is to state they had to associate the wider position of a concern, which is expressed in public presentation steps, with the narrower fiscal informations in direction histories. Although most anterior researches have been in favor of a positive association between the increased dependance on non-financial steps and organisational public presentation, the relationship is of obscure nature. Mia and Clarke ( 1999 ) claimed an indirect connexion between the competition strength in the ma rket and concern unit ‘s public presentation with the greater usage of direction accounting information. Davila ( 2000 ) and Chong and Chong ( 1997 ) found that the increased usage of non-financial information for concern units and public presentation were positively linked. However, Perera et Al. ( 1997 ) established that the usage of non-financial step had nil to make with the public presentation of an organisation under a customer-oriented fabrication scheme. Improved public presentation has resulted in houses that use flexible fabrication, and which besides place greater trust on non-financial fabrication steps ( Abernethy & A ; Lillis, 1995 ; Sim & A ; Killough, 1998 ) . Because information is now acknowledged as one of the most dominant tools that can significantly impact the corporations ‘ wealth, the direction accounting system is expected to present up-to-date information that can help directors to do reasoned and informed determinations, and to actuate end-user s of that information to endeavor for organisational alteration ( Horngren, 1995 ) . Failure to depend on on proper accounting information may do resource direction to be uneffective and a gradual diminution in corporate public presentation. The 3rd hypothesis is as follows: Hypothesis 3: In top performing artists, MAs are seen to more engage in the activity of collect, analyse and describe non-financial informationA transmutation from functional-/structure-focused to process-/product-focusedThrough commissariats of nucleus merchandisesIn the late eightiess, many houses adopted a client orientation in which MAs were meant to serve their internal clients. Siegel and Sorenson ( 1999 ) emphasised this function by giving an illustration that if a concern director asked for a fiscal information, MA would supply it even if they know more proper information would be demanded for an ideal concern solution. The MAs ‘ function has transformed from being a concern adviser to a ‘business spouse ‘ where MA is an equal participant of the decision-making squad. They have the right and besides the duty to inform a line director the ground why specific types of information might or might non be desired for a determination, and is expected to do recommen dations on how to break the quality of that determination. In order to execute this concern partnering function MAs have moved from working in the finance silo which is isolated from the remainder of the concern to be physically situated in the operating concern units with which they work. This inclination is a response to the uninterrupted arguments of client orientation and of the demand to replace the functional or departmental attacks of direction with the process-oriented 1. Working across the concern and flexible communicating over functional and departmental boundary lines is today regarded as one of the cardinal success factors ( Majchrzak and Wang, 1996 ) . Indeed, MAs now work on cross-departmental squads and have extended face-to-face interactions with non-accounting people across the organisation. Cross-functional squads are formed for a peculiar intent, such as to develop a new merchandise, or enhance work procedures and they are said to better the communicating, coordination and coherence ( Narver and Slater, 1990 ) . It is the integrating and coaction of a figure of functional parts in an organisation, with members of the squad come from different countries of the concern which allows a broad scope of different expertness, accomplishments and point of views to be brought to the undertaking. This vision can be maintained by a commercial partnering theoretical account that incorporates the cardinal internal clients of finance such as human resources, research and development and IT and selling. The execution of such squads is related with level organisational design and the greater liberty of lower-level directors and forces ( Chenhall & A ; Langfield-Smith, 1998b ; Otley, 1994 ) . This displacement from centralised determination devising and hierarchal controls towards the a llotment of more authorization to lower degrees of concern is guarantee advanced and speedy responses in complex and dynamic environment. It has been said that the acceptance of team-based constructions helps organisations non merely to increase the flexibleness and velocity of a response, but besides to heighten the quality of that response ( Cohen, 1993 ) . A squad construction that allows finance – concern unit partnerships enables finance professionals to derive a deep apprehension of value drivers which help them trust their determinations on latent value and closely pull off the results of their determinations. Finance managers who master first-class proficient and operational accomplishments – are deployed to each concern unit to assist place value-generating chances. And thanks to their apprehension of the commercial positions of runing the concern, their finance activities can be more successfully linked to the organisational jussive moods. By being active in measuring concern issues, pass oning across functional hierarchies and direction degrees, the more accurate, relevant and timely information is brought about ( Brouthers & A ; Roozen, 1999 ; Coad, 1996 ) . By promoting a spouse relationship with all the maps in the concern and playing as a critical portion of the organisational decision-making procedures, MAs are expected to supply a alone facet and bring forth more value-added activities, which thereby easing improved public presentation ( Scott & A ; Tiessen, 1999 ; Wooldridge & A ; Floyd, 1990 ) . The nexus between cross-functional engagement and public presentation has been the chief subject of extant direction accounting empirical literature ; although budgetary engagement and occupation public presentation received attending of the bulk of work ( Chong & A ; Johnson, 2007 ; Lau & A ; Lim, 2002 ; Nouri & A ; Parker, 1998 ; Parker & A ; Kyj, 2006 ) . Anterior surveies sing engagement in strategic decision-making and organisational public presentation are scarce and slightly conflicting. In progressively competitory and unsure market contexts, the acceptance of inter-departmental squads help to guarantee a speedy and appropriate organisation ‘s response to environmental developments, thereby heightening public presentation ( Baines & A ; Langfield-Smith, 2003 ; Scott & A ; Tiessen, 1999 ) . Scott & A ; Tiessen ( 1999 ) found that inter-functional engagement has an indirect positive influence the public presentation of squads through the use of more sophisticated public p resentation steps. In contrast, Chenhall and Langfield-Smith ( 2003 ) conducted a case-study work and concluded that team-based enterprises did non look to better organisational public presentation. In fact, despite the importance of cross-departmental work, merely 20 % of the MAs in the study conducted by ICCA ( 2001 ) work entirely in concern units or split their clip between runing sections and finance section. In contrast, 80 % of the respondents surveyed said that they still work in their traditional location. As the anterior empirical work sing the consequence of cross-functional engagement on organisational public presentation is slightly scarce, the undermentioned Forth hypothesis has been chiefly drawn from what seems to be the conventional position: Hypothesis 4: In top performing artists, MAs are decentralized and being parts of operating sections In order to play concern partnering function and work in cross-functional squad across the concern, modern concern oriented direction comptrollers are required to hold a good apprehension of how a concern maps every bit good as the ability to pass on finance ‘s vision and scheme to the remainder of the organisation. MA ‘s ability to construct effectual concern and societal relationships with directors is of import to derive trust from direction, which so increases their likeliness of deriving entree to back uping resources, of going involved in the rating of assorted options for the strategic way at concern unit and corporate degrees, and in taking portion in the pick of strategic methods. Nathan birnbaums and Baldvinsdottir ( 2007 ) agreed with this thought by observing that although the proficient accounting accomplishments such as stewardship and control remain basically of import ; there is a turning accent on the new sets of accomplishments particularly a wide concer n apprehension. Hypothesis 5: In top performing artists, MAs have concrete apprehension of the concern and how it operatesThrough commissariats of support servicesTraditionally, MAs were non members in the determination devising procedure. Alternatively, they functioned as support staff to supply support services for the determination shapers and were frequently communicated about the determinations after-the-fact. They spend the majority of their clip in the mechanical parts of accounting. They use manual procedure to sum and equilibrate pages of multi-column paper spread sheets. By presuming the undertaking of fixing budgets, look intoing disbursal studies, bring forthing stock list studies, and bring forthing standardised fiscal statements, they were the bean counters, the scorers, the corporate bulls of organisation. By carry throughing such traditional accounting function, they were referred as the fiscal records keeper or the historiographers of the organisation. The alteration of direction ac counting now placed a minimal focal point on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours accounting undertakings although these activities remain basically of import ( Burns and Baldvinsdottir, 2007 ) . There is a turning concern that more clip should be released so that MAs can concentrate on strategic analysis, determination support and other value-added activities. One manner of making this is through restructuring of finance map by centralising dealing treating into shared services centres or concern procedure outsource. This demonstrates the centralisation of traditional accounting activities in the organisations. Although the usage of sourcing activities are seen more of an efficiency engine, it should be viewed, within the range of this survey, as a tool to let go of the clip of MAs so that they can concentrate more on analyzing, construing information and playing as concern spouses A shared service Centre is defined as ‘The concentration of company resources executing like activities, typically dispersed across the organisation, in order to service multiple internal parties at lower cost and with higher service degrees, with the common end of pleasing external clients and heightening corporate value ‘ ( Schulman, Dunleavy, Harmer and Lusk 1999 ) . Another statement is that ‘Shared services is a collaborative scheme in which a subset of bing concern maps are concentrated in a new, semi-autonomous concern unit that has a direction construction designed to advance efficiency, value coevals, cost nest eggs and improved service for internal clients of the parent corporation, like a concern viing in the unfastened market ‘ ( Bergeron 2003 ) . When portion services delivers are executed right, the cost is reduced and the service to the concerns is improved owing to the usage of procedures standardisation and bring forthing a service civilizatio n in the Centre. The procedures that are insistent and transaction-based such as paysheet, histories collectible, fixed assets, general legers, histories receivable, general leger and hard currency are the 1s that are ideally appropriate to be conducted in shared services Centres. Such procedures could be standardised in an administration because they are fundamentally the same no affair what the sector and location. But there are more than merely cost advantage of shared service Centres. It is together with other support tools like information engineering, can be seen to let go of the clip of MAs so that they can concentrate on analysing, construing information and playing as concern spouses. There is small understanding in respects of whether some other procedures, such as direction coverage could be carried out in shared service Centres or non. Some emphasize that standard studies and discrepancy analysis can be standardized in a shared services Centres. KPMG ( 2006 ) supported t his position by calculating that everyday direction coverage will be a peculiar growing country in the usage of shared service Centres, as organisations pursue the betterment of direction information quality. Others oppose this thought by reasoning that such procedures must be conducted in concern units to vouch the staff has the ownership of the issues and hence increase the committedness to the accomplishment of such procedures. Even though the acceptance of shared services Centres is predicted to lift well, preponderantly in the country of dealing processing, everyday direction coverage, regulative conformity procedures and investing direction, the usage of shared service Centres is besides increasing for less standardised procedures like concern public presentation analysis meaning the greater assurance every bit good as edification in the theoretical account of shared services ( KPMG, 2006 ) . Shared service theoretical accounts have become loosely accepted as an efficiency eng ine without the hazards related with concern procedure outsourcing. General, the great advantage of shared service theoretical account when compared with out-sourcing is that it should be possible to heighten efficiency and effectivity of the bringing of service while at the same clip there is no loss of control or dependence that are side effects of concern procedure outsourcing theoretical account. To the contrary, concern procedure outsourcing theoretical account for finance are said to be in its early phase and less widespread than other support maps such as information engineering. However, it still represents an emerging tool for standardize everyday processing ( KPMG, 2006 ) . Business procedure outsourcing is non a new construct and many concern maps presents are outsourced. Typical illustrations comprise of paysheet processing, human resources, information engineering, belongings direction and services and revenue enhancement conformity. Some organisations have besides outsourced all of their dealing processing, clerking and accounting. Business procedure outsourcing enables the concern to concentrate on its strategic issues by let go ofing resources from non-core activities. The efficiency gained would cut down the costs and raise profitableness so that more financess can be reinvested in nucleus and value-added activities. The future outlook is that the tendency in out sourcing will go on to derive foothold and more energy will be saved because the clip finance people will pass on transactional or control activities would diminish well ( Danko, 2009 ) . Hypothesis 6: In top performing artists, more everyday accounting activities are centralised into shared servicew Centres or concern procedure outsourcing

Notes From an Alien and Strange Fantasies

Notes From an Alien and Strange Fantasies Creative professionals looking for inspiration or guidance on a project can visit the Notes from an Alien blog. Created and curated by Alexander M Zoltai, who describes himself in the sites about page as a writer with roaring flames in my heart, this resource provides up-to-date blog posts on miscellaneous topics related to literature.Who its forNotes from an Alien offers readers content that will feed their creative drive. True to its title, the site should particularly attract those interested in abstract thinking from a creative mind. Blog posts range from think pieces to short poetry. All of the content on the site, from its blog posts to its short stories to its author interviews, is free, giving new and continuing writers a chance to learn from other writers.The siteThe viewer will be taken directly to the blogroll at the main page of the site. There they can read Zoltais excellent writing blog posts. The site is in a simple Wordpress template.At the top of the page, there are links to other pages that include:About This Blog – A short bio and an explanation of the websiteStory Bazaar – 96 short stories by ZoltaiStrange Fantasies – Fantasy-themed short stories by ZoltaiOur Author Interviews – A compendium of author interviewsSpecial Links – Links to recommended philosophical documentsOther pages shown at the top include material on Zoltais book of the same name as the website, Notes from an Alien. They are:Behind the ScenesReviewsThe Book ~ Notes from An AlienOn the left-hand side of the page is a sidebar that provides links to articles around the site. Using this toolbar, visitors can subscribe to email updates and send voice messages to Zoltai himself. Many of these links can be accessed from other pages. The site provides a customary search bar just below the main tabs for anyone looking for a particular post.Present throughout the site is a five-star voting system for each post and page. This system makes it clear to Zoltai what content is resonating with readers.About this blogThe heart of the blog is Zoltai himself. On this page, Zoltai states that I publish this Blog to help you explore Reading, Writing, and Publishing. I work to create a conversation with my readers on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday – the rest of the week I share posts from other valuable blogs.Zoltai has written Notes from an Alien, a novel available for download from the site. He has published a book of short stories, Strange Fantasies. He has also provided 95 short stories for the Story Bazaar section of the website.In an online biography linked to the about page, Zoltai says that he has always loved language but he didnt begin writing seriously till his late 50s. He currently lives in Akron, Ohio. He also maintains a Twitter account, where he follows other writers and current events.The blogrollZoltai writes from his stream of consciousness to develop a blog that covers aspects of reading and writing. Just a few o f the blog posts spanning back to January 2011 include:Conversation about Reading Print Books or Ebooks (part of a long-running series)My Mothers Fairy TalesThe Bookmark of a Reader by Kirsten LeClercIts an IllusionConversation about Reading Challenging BooksPoetry that includes Tender Dawn, posted originally on the Leaf and Twig blogA Books Job by Barb RosenstockThese stories and conversations can serve as springboards for aspiring writers and as resources for keeping up with the writing profession as it evolves.In Blog Conversation about Beginning to Write a Book, Zoltai shares his experiences with writing and publishing his works, which include a poetry book and a novel. He states that writing a book can begin at an earlier phase than when the writer actually puts pen to paper. He poses a series of questions for aspiring published authors, including Have you had a books beginning happen to you? This post will not only guide new writers on their path, but hopefully it will inspire and motivate them as well.Another blog post by Zoltai delves into recent developments by answering the question Which is better for a writer – Social Media or Search Engines? Zoltai discuses the experiences hes had with various social media sites – he has had varying success. He merits search engines for getting people to blogs.Again, Zoltais experience as a published author and a blogger greatly informs him in giving valuable advice to his audience. The piece, and its subsequent postings, go into detail in discussing how new tools can help writers with their work.According to Zoltai, after this topic did not receive enough comments, he moved on to the next topic of conversation. This focus on ensuring that blog readers are engaged helps the blog to stay relevant.In addition, guest posts keep the blog fresh. A guest poem from the leaf and twig blog contains a simple macro nature photo and it reads Wild beauty/on the fence rail/a compliment to flowering weeds. A quick guest post from BREVITY discusses Dick Tracey and his experiences writing about horse-racing mysteries while also being a jockey in real life.New conversation posts are up on the site every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, while posts from other sites are up every Tuesday and Thursday. This daily posting schedule helps the site to stay relevant and engaging.Story bazaar, strange fantasies, and behind the scenesThe site hosts a variety of works from Zoltai, all available for free on the site. The Throbbing Heart tells of a writer who has a supernatural encounter, Break Free†¦ begins with a man carrying his wife to a refugee spacecraft, and Falsehood and Truth finds two friends discussing false news stories on Twitter. These stories are broad in their subjects.The authors dedication to consistent writing will inspire writers to work just as much as the stories themselves. The stories themselves are free resources that can serve to inspire other writers. In this way, Zoltais site wo rks as a sort of a library for anyone wanting to write his kind of stories.Another source for short stories is the Strange Fantasies tab, which makes available all of the short stories compiled on Zoltais Strange Fantasies eBook. These stories will appeal to a more particular set of writers.Pleas to a magical Titan are made in Minotaur of the Shadows, The Queens Tragedy sees a king witness horrifying the decay of his wife, and The Befuddled Blogger is a more metaphysical post that sees a blogger questioning the idea of what it means to be fantasy.On the Behind the Scenes page, Zoltai includes content that is related to, but not included, in his Notes from an Alien novel. Many of these stories build upon the world of the novel. Zoltai writes on this page, This collection of posts is about the Spaces not obviously visited in Notes from An Alien- glimpses into the depths of the book- character disclosures, about people already in the novel and those yet to be mentioned- revelations of events that happened in the Worlds of Angi but werent rendered in the published edition.One post, Earth-like Issues In An Alien Story provides a guide to where present-day issues are addressed in his science-fiction book, another provides start charts as a guide for the setting of the story, others expound on daily life under future civilizations. Although fans of Zoltais books may get the most out of these posts, others may glean information about his thought process in creating a fictional world.Author interviewsIn addition to full short stories, Notes from an Alien provides interviews with authors. Many of these authors are first-time book writers. The interviews are probably the best reference for new writers looking to see what its like to write their first book. They also offer an in-depth look into the lives of the authors and their backgrounds.One interview profiles a Wattpad author and mother who has worked on horror and thriller novels. Another author discusses his thought process before starting a book. With names such as J.G. Weller, James Crawford, and L.E. Crane, blog readers can get a look into who real book authors are and their ways of thinking.InspirationThe best way to learn writing is to learn from and follow other writers. If you are an aspiring writer seeking to get started in the process of writing a book, Notes from an Alien can provide you with free short stories, discussion on topics affecting writers, and examples of authors who have written their own books. Blog readers can be sure that Notes from an Alien is a blog by a writer for writers.

Hcr 210 Week 6 Essays

Hcr 210 Week 6 Essays Hcr 210 Week 6 Essay Hcr 210 Week 6 Essay I have identified that there are some differences and similarities among small, medium, and large facilities with the organization of patient files and the handling of loose reports. I have spotted between the small, medium, and large facilities they all like their loose files to be permanently anchored in the charts. There was a few that went by what their policy and procedures were and by group decision. Most facilities like their reports to be permanently anchored in the patients charts at all times. Having charts permanently anchored would seem to make more sense to me so that paper work would not be misplaced. The small, medium, and large facilities deal with the organization of patients files differently. Some facilities have their charts structured by form numbers, chronological, report type, categories, and by most recent. I believe that the organization of the patients charts is on based what the facility or doctor would like better. If the doctor wants the charts organized by report type or by categories then that is how it is done in that facility. The same procedure goes for the handling of loose reports; it is all based on what that facility prefers or what the doctor prefers. Looking through the interview thread I have noticed that there are a lot of similarities in all three types of facilities, but a lot of distinctions as well. I believe that each facility has their own way of doing things to make it easier for their office to run. Each facility has their own way of managing patient records. There can be similarities and differences throughout each different facility. Furthermore, to place patient files on data disk is ideal to eliminate storage space problems.

How to Get a Good Community Service Letter 4 Steps to Follow

How to Get a Good Community Service Letter 4 Steps to Follow SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you done some volunteer work or community service and want to get a letter that shows how many hours you've completed and what jobs you did? Or maybe you need a community service letter to apply for a scholarship, job, or to a particular college? Do you know who you should ask to write the letter and what it should include? Read on to learn what a community service letter is, why it’s useful, and how you can get a great one written for you. What Is a Community Service Letter and Why Would You Need One? A community service letter is a letter that explains where you did your community service, how many hours you worked, and what duties and responsibilities that work included. It may also include additional information, such as the dates you worked, if you had a specific job title, and contact information from the organization. There is no standard format for a community service letter, so what they look like and the amount of information they include can vary widely. Some letters are little more than a form with a few lines that your supervisor signs. Others are more like a standard letter of recommendation and can be several paragraphs long, explaining in detail the work you did and what your personal strengths are. What Is a Community Service Letter Used For? A community service letter provides proof that you completed volunteer work, and it also gives more information on what duties and responsibilities that work included. Having that information can be useful for multiple situations, including the following: College Applications If your community service work was particularly important for you, for example, if you spent a significant amount of time at one location, worked for an organization that is in the same field as your future career, or reference your community service work in other parts of your application, then you may want to attach a community service letter to your college application to provide proof of your volunteer service and give more information about your work. Scholarships There are many community service scholarships available, and some require a letter or proof of your community service as part of the application. Resumes If you include your community service work on your resume (which you should, many jobs count volunteer work as work experience), attaching your community service letter gives the employer more information about your work, as well as a way for them to contact the organization. Graduation Requirements Some high schools require students to complete a certain amount of community service hours before they graduate, as do some extracurricular organizations, such as certain chapters of the National Honor Society. Your community service letter provides proof that you completed those hours. Some high schools require community service in order to graduate, or to graduate with honors Now that you know what a community service letter is and when you may need one, read on to learn about the steps you should take in order to get a great letter. #1: Get Strong Community Service Experiences It may seem obvious, but the better your community service experience, the stronger your community service letter will be. They are multiple ways to get solid community service experience: Volunteer Primarily With One Organization Having a strong community service letter from one place that goes into detail about the work you did is better than having a bunch of letters that show you did a couple of hours of work, then moved on to the next organization. Sticking mostly to one location shows dedication and commitment, and it allows the people writing your letter to go more into detail about you and the work you did. Volunteering often at one place may also lead to increased responsibilities, which will strengthen your letter because it shows that you are gaining more skills and are seen as trustworthy and responsible. Get to Know Your Supervisors and the People You Work With You should make it a point to regularly make small talk with the people you’re around while volunteering. This includes supervisors, other workers, and any people you may be helping. The person writing your community service letter will always be able to write a stronger letter if they actually know you because they will be able to include more details about your personality and skills. Work at a Place You Care About While you may think that some places are â€Å"better† or more impressive to work at, what’s really most impressive to schools and employers is you showing a passion for the organization you volunteer for. Even if you have a volunteer experience that you think is very impressive, if you don’t particularly enjoy it or care about the issue much, this will show when you are asked to speak or write about it for applications or jobs. For example, if you volunteer for, say, a video game conference and put in a lot of time and got a lot of the community involved in participating, this will be more impressive because your community service letter will show that you’ve done more work, and the person writing the letter will be able to discuss your evident passion and dedication to the job. #2: Think About Who You Should Ask to Write Your Letter Who you ask to write your letter will depend on both what the letter should include as well as any restrictions the place you are sending the letter to has. Your first step should be to check with the school, scholarship, or job you’re submitting the letter to in order to see if they have requirements for who can write your letter. Your supervisor is mostly likely the person you'll ask. Many scholarships and colleges require your supervisor or another person working above you to be the person who writes your letter. Your supervisor is a great person to ask because they have a good idea of the work you've done and usually know you pretty well. However, there may be some circumstances when you don't interact with your supervisor much, for example, if they work mostly weekdays, and you volunteer on weekends. This isn't a problem if you only need a short letter that lists your duties and when you volunteered; your supervisor can still write that even if they don't know you well. If you need a more in-depth letter that describes your personality and specific examples of your work, and you don't have a close relationship with your supervisor, you may want to ask someone else to write your letter. Only do this if the person or place you are submitting your letter to allows it! If you are able to submit a letter written by someone other than your supervisor, ask a coworker or someone else you worked closely with and who knows you and the work you did well. It's personal details that separate good community service letters from great ones, so you want someone who can recount specific anecdotes and examples of your work. You may also be able to have a coworker write your letter and your supervisor sign it, verifying that the information is correct. In any case, don't just choose your best friend at community service to write your letter. You want someone who can write professionally about the work you did and explain clearly why you are a strong worker. It will most likely be your supervisor or boss who writes your community service letter #3: Ask Them! Once you have decided who you want to write your community service letter, the next step is to ask. If all you need is a short form filled out, this will not be a big deal, and your supervisor may be able to complete it right then and there. However, if you need a longer, more detailed letter, you will want to give the person writing your letter enough time to complete it, so try to ask them early. At least a month before the letter is due is ideal. You should ask for a letter in person. It's more personal and mature, and it gives you an easy way to set up a follow-up meeting (see the next section). As for what exactly you should say, there are a lot of ways to ask. One example is: "I've really enjoyed doing community service work here and learning new skills and meeting new people. I'm applying to a scholarship/job/college and need to submit a reference letter from my community service, and I'd be flattered if you would be willing to write me a strong letter." After you've asked, make sure you also give the person writing your letter all the information they need to submit a great letter on time. If there are any specific instructions they need to follow, make sure they have them. Also, make sure they know when the letter needs to be completed. If they will be sending the letter themselves, remember to provide them with the proper mailing address or e-mail address. Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today: #4: Discuss What You'd Like to Be Included in Your Letter As mentioned previously, community service letters can vary widely in length, content, and format. After you ask your supervisor or coworker to write you a letter and they agree, ask to set up a time to discuss what information you would like the letter to include. You may only need them to state the number of hours you completed and list what your duties were. However, if you’re using this letter as a way to give an employer or school more details about your personality and strengths, you will want the letter to include more. Talk to the person writing your letter about what you’d like them to write about. Sample ideas include: Details of any major projects you worked on. Specific examples of you going above and beyond expectations. Specific examples of you working well with others. Particular work you did that you’d like to be emphasized (for example if having those skills or experiences will be useful for a future job or class). Final Things to Remember Before you ask for a community service letter, remember to think about what information you’d like the letter to include, and how in-depth you’d like it to be. After you receive your letter, double-check it to make sure all the information is correct, including the number of hours you worked and when you worked them. Many organizations have multiple volunteers working for them, and it can be easy for information to get mixed-up. Send your supervisor or co-worker a thank you note after they complete your letter. Make copies of the letters you receive so that you can use them for multiple college, scholarship, or job applications if you need to. What's Next? Are you applying to a community service scholarship? Many of these scholarships are quite competitive; fortunately, we have a guide that gives you all the tips you need to maximize your chances of winning these scholarships. Do you need other letters of recommendation? Read our complete guide on how to ask for a letter of recommendation to ensure you get the strongest letters possible. Do you need to write an essay about your community service as well, whether for a scholarship or graduation requirement? We have a guide that gives step-by-step instructions on how to write a great community service essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Confucius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Confucius - Essay Example However, he seemed to have not achieved that because of the corruption that governed the lives of the rulers at the time. He would travel for some years out of his home town of Lu in search of the perfect ‘gentleman’, his ideal man who embodies a cultivated moral character. He failed miserably in this aspect, because he could not find anybody who came close to the gentleman. In contrast, however, the ‘small man’, a man who is not morally cultivated and who is greedy and corrupt, he found everywhere, and inasmuch as this was disheartening to him, he continued in search of his ideal man, by way of education. The moral values that Confucius espoused he was able to spread by educating young minds. He placed such a high premium on the value of education, and this is perhaps the most important contribution that Confucius made to our society, aside from showing them how society should be governed and is required for this to be achieved. He left a legacy of how to lead a moral life, and he showed, by example, how through hard work one can lead a morally cultivated life by following the steps that he prescribed in his book The Analects. Book One opens with words from the Master himself, Confucius, saying something about cultivation of virtue and acquisition of knowledge, and how the pursuit of these would give a person satisfaction and fulfillment. Book One is not arranged in any coherent order, but rather is a compilation of words by Confucius and by his prominent disciples. One of the most important things discussed here is the integration of filial love and how this translates into outer relationships. Confucius contends that if a gentleman has respect and love for his parents and brothers, it is difficult for him to defy his superiors and be involved in a rebellion. He refers to the Way as the guiding principle by which all men must live. There must be alignment between filial piety and brotherly obedience. He further prescribes how a

Human resorce web Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resorce web - Article Example It also said that the company's management had failed to address and correct the issue even after the victims raised complains. The acts violated the Civil Rights of 1964, Title VII. The company also was to offer training to all employees, furnish the commission with its employment-practice reports for 3 year period and source for consultancy to review the company's policies dealing with harassment and the involved procedures in an agreed consent decree which was, on September 5 approved by the court. The above case shows that rules on work discrimination needed to be strengthened and taken very seriously. In addition, the laws are still weak on these cases since I feel that the senior officials would have been taken personally responsible for this misconduct. All forms of sexual harassment to interfere with a person's employment, performance at work un- reasonably, intimidates him/her or sense of it, hostile or work environment that is not conducive. The laws also prohibit discrimination against age, disability, pay discrimination, national origin, pregnancy, race, religion and retaliation.

Plan of action - Maria Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plan of action - Maria - Term Paper Example The scenario under consideration with Maria has caused a great deal of worry for the company because the point that is being raised by her is not essentially true. One shall believe that this is simply not the case here. This can be proven by the explanations given by the company because it believes very staunchly at how things could be corrected within Maria’s folds and what weaknesses have already been existent of late. Since she believes that she is being hard done by because of her Latin ancestry and that she is from a totally different race altogether, she has made up her mind in a very negative way. She must understand that this is simply not the case and the company asks of her to bring out something totally distinctive and diverse (Gregory 2003). The basic element of shortcoming within her professional undertaking is when she communicates with people, and this is quite visibly something to ponder deep into. Since she cannot communicate with people around her and her ac cent is not deciphered by people easily, she is being seen as someone who is hard to come by within the relevant scheme of things. This is indeed a very genuine reasoning that the company can give in its own defense, as the perception created by Maria is not acceptable at all.Maria has misunderstood things here. She has put the blame upon the company on a totally different tangent altogether. There is no reason why she should be blaming the company for her poor communication skills and traits that she has been displaying over a period of time. She believes that she is being maltreated as there is a bias within the company but this is not something that has been pondered upon deeply by the people who are sitting within the helm of affairs in the company. Maria must know that any company within the business world exists to satisfy not only the customers but its internal publics as well, which comprise of its own employees who are the most prized possessions that these companies can ev er have. When Maria says that the company is treating her in a shabby way, it is the bias which is reflected in her understanding and not the way in which work gets done within the domains of the organization in the long run (Kim 2002). What the company has to do in such a setting is to make Maria realize that she is in the wrong, and that she shall have to be treated fairly no matter what happens. However at the present, Maria has become disgruntled because she believes that she is being hard done by due to her color and Latin ancestry. The scenario could be avoided if the company took a more proactive approach and told Maria where she was lacking before announcing the promotions for the employees. This could have made the entire effort look genuine and there would not have been any resentment whatsoever. One shall see that Maria has had quite a number of problems in her capacity as an employee working for this company. She has been known to have a very difficult to understand acce nt where people ask her time and again as to what she really means. Apart from this, she is known to be one person who is quite often late and had tardiness issues. She also seems a bit loud and is aggressive on most of the occasions. This has made the task of Maria even more difficult because she does not believe that she is doing anything wrong. However, on the part of the company, there has been a mistake that they did not tell Maria beforehand where she was going wrong, and what she needed to do to set things right within her related domains. Due to her acrimonious activities within the company, she has not been considered for promotion which is indeed reflective of the company policy when it comes to promoting people every now and then. However this is